Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What does Genesis 11:1 mean when it says the whole earth had 'one language and one speech'?
A: According to Rashi, this verse means that all humanity originally spoke Hebrew, the holy language (Lashon HaKodesh), and were united in purpose. The Midrash (Bereshit Rabbah 38:6) explains that they shared not just a language but also a single-minded plan to rebel against Hashem by building the Tower of Babel.
Q: Why is the unity of language in Genesis 11:1 important?
A: The unity of language shows both the potential strength and danger of human unity. The Ramban teaches that while unity can be positive, here it was misused for arrogance and defiance of Hashem. This teaches us that unity must be directed toward righteous purposes, not selfish or rebellious ones.
Q: How does the concept of 'one language' in Genesis 11:1 apply today?
A: The Talmud (Sanhedrin 38b) derives from this that Hebrew was the original language given by Hashem. Today, while we don't all speak one language, we learn that communication should be used to bring people closer to Torah values, not for negative purposes like the generation of the Tower of Babel.
Q: What can we learn from the phrase 'one language and one speech' in Genesis 11:1?
A: The Sforno teaches that this teaches us about the power of shared language and purpose. However, when used improperly - as this generation did by uniting against Hashem's will - it leads to destruction. We learn to use our ability to communicate for Torah study and mitzvot.
Q: Why does the Torah mention both 'language' and 'speech' in Genesis 11:1?
A: Rashi explains that 'one language' refers to Hebrew, while 'one speech' means they shared the same wicked intentions. The Malbim adds that 'language' refers to vocabulary while 'speech' refers to their unified plans, showing complete agreement in both words and deeds - which became dangerous when misdirected.
Unity of Language and Purpose
The verse (Bereishit 11:1) describes a time when the entire world shared a single language and common words. Rashi explains that "שפה אחת" (one language) refers to the Hebrew language, the holy tongue with which Hashem created the world. The phrase "ודברים אחדים" (and one speech) indicates that they were united not just linguistically but also in their intentions—specifically, their rebellious plan to build the Tower of Bavel.
Midrashic Interpretation
The Midrash (Bereishit Rabbah 38:6) elaborates that their unity was initially positive, as they worked together harmoniously. However, their intentions turned sinful when they sought to challenge Hashem's authority by constructing a tower to "make a name for themselves" (Bereishit 11:4). The Sages teach that their "one speech" reflected a collective defiance, as they conspired to rebel against divine will.
Rambam's Perspective
Rambam (Moreh Nevuchim 1:7) discusses how their shared language facilitated their misguided unity. He emphasizes that human cooperation, while potentially beneficial, becomes destructive when directed toward arrogance and defiance of Hashem. Their linguistic unity, instead of fostering righteousness, became a tool for sin.
Lessons from the Tower of Bavel
Lashon Hakodesh (The Holy Tongue)
Rabbi Yehuda Halevi (Kuzari 2:68) and other commentators note that Hebrew, as the original language, carries unique spiritual significance. The people's initial use of Lashon Hakodesh for sinful purposes corrupted its sanctity, prompting Hashem to introduce multiple languages as a corrective measure.